Income Inequality

Milestone Decisions - Essay Example In this respects, Plessy has additionally recorded the appeal against John H. Ferguson, the chief of the rail organization of United States (Street Law, Inc., 2000). By inspecting the case situation, it has been seen that the Plessy v. Ferguson case was focused on the infringement of law identified with racial segregation. The case was agreeable to John Howard Ferguson, who was the legitimate authority of the case for Louisianan Railroad Companies, as a respondent of the case. In agreement, the choice was declared by the incomparable court of Louisiana expressing that Plessey was legitimized according to the Unites State laws, which was built up for making isolation according to racial premise. For this situation, the enactment was perceived as significant impact behind the dynamic procedure of Supreme Court of Unites States (Street Law, Inc., 2000). Additionally, Supreme Court’s choice in the time of 1875 has confined the administrative government’s capacity towards making any sort of mediation in the state government issue. So as to make any sort of contribution in the racial isolation just as segregation related act, the government needs to take the consent from the Congress in power (Street Law, Inc., 2000). Conflictingly, for the offended party, Plessy’s legal counselor gave proof, which proposed that the infringement of rules under thirteenth and fourteenth revisions had occurred by the railroad organization. As indicated by the offended party, the state railroad organization was blamed for making contrasts between the boarding of rail vehicle for whites just as for shaded race during offering types of assistance. According to the fourteenth amendment rules, Plessy was furnished with the ticket of getting to regular compartments, which in reality makes him subject for equivalent treatment in the rail other than the way that the standard to guarantee separate offices based on consumers’ race was in itself morally

Better Help For Smokers To Quit Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Better Help For Smokers To Quit. Answer: Wellbeing contemplates: Better Help for Smokers to Quit Smoking is an addictive demonstration and it is perhaps the biggest reason for preventable passings in New Zealand. Smoking influences both the smokers and the individuals who encompass them otherwise called the inactive smokers. Smoking, be that as it may, has influenced the quality existence of people prompting the demise of roughly 5000 individuals consistently. Smoking builds the odds of creating interminable ailments, for example, heart ailments and lung diseases, tuberculosis, and furthermore malignant growth. What's more, this, then again, has prompted the expansion of assets that the administration is spending on medicinal services. As indicated by Ministry of wellbeing measurements, 65 % of smokers in New Zealand wish they didn't begin smoking while 60% have attempted to stop smoking however fizzled (Carr, 2004). The legislature of New Zealand is hugely striving to guarantee that smokers either stop or decrease their smoking propensities as a method of improving their wellbe ing and prosperity. The legislature presented the wellbeing activity of Better Help for Smokers to Quit in 2009 as a sign of its pledge to assist with having a free smoking condition. The administration additionally guaranteed that 80% of the people who visit the human services organizations and distinguished as smokers will have free treatment and vital data to help them in their recuperation (Crisp et al, 2012). 95% of the smokers who are hospitalized get satisfactory medicine and treatment and backing from the legislature all through their treatment to assist them with halting the smoking propensity. The achievement of this methodology is stretched out to essential human services whereby people who visit the emergency clinics are offered backing and guidance that would help comprehend the impacts of smoking and the significance of halting smoking. The activity is coordinated to accomplishing its objectives starting at 2011. The exertion of the administration means the endeavors to improve the accessi bility of treatments that help the suspension of smoking. The training is significant in light of the fact that it is empowering and the majority of the smokers have either decreased or even an incredible propensity. Smokers who are dealing with their propensities or who have stopped smoking have an okay of getting incessant sicknesses and even unexpected losses. This proposition is significant on the grounds that there is solid proof that only a basic guidance from wellbeing experts is compelling in urging people to stop smoking. As indicated by the analyst (Tappin, 2005), one in each 40 smokers will make an endeavor to stop in the wake of accepting exhortation from experts. Most smokers consistently wish to however they dont know how to, yet a solitary guidance from these professionals could assist them with making a U-turn and quit their smoking propensities. Foundation This proposition targets smokers and offers them elective or rather cures that can assist them with dealing with their smoking propensity and in the long run quit so as to lessen the untimely death rate. The activity is additionally intended to help decrease the quantity of ceaseless illnesses that are probably going to influence smokers. The specialists, medical caretakers and other wellbeing experts are to make it an everyday practice to ask the individuals whether they smoke (Hammond al, 2004). The legislature in relationship with Ministry of Health has presented the activity as a method of improving medicinal services among the youngsters and the old inside New Zealand and the residents of Bay of Plenty in guaranteeing that they are liberated from ailments related with smoking (Acton, 2012). The wellbeing experts likewise give end treatment to smokers who wish to quit smoking and a follow up on the people to guarantee that they get any help that they may require. The smokers who are as of now enrolled in the framework have various dates that they have to check up in the medical clinics with the goal that the experts can keep an eye on their advancement and give them a path forward. The specialists will likewise guarantee that they connect with the smokers in solid practices that will assist them with coming up short on the opportunity of smoking and acquaint them with different exercises to keep them occupied thus lessening their odds of smoking (Miller Sedivy, 2009). The wellbeing activity is a significant advance by the administration in improving the social insurance of smokers and their families and this consequently is an accomplishment to the entire network and furthermore as a nation. The activity is intended to better the lives of the residents of New Zealand to improve their degree of efficiency as people in the general public. As indicated by (Fagerstrm et al, 2006) the lives of the people who smoke is significant also and helping them to quit smoking is something indispensable. This activity ought to have the option to help spare the lives of in excess of 4000 individuals who bite the dust every year because of smoking-related difficulties (Rollnick et al, 2008). All together for the activity to be accomplished, all encompassing methodology is significant, in light of the fact that influencing change includes the entire network and in this manner, an open mindfulness battle is essential to spreading data in all cases to ensure that all residents know about the activity. Be that as it may, the across the board mediation of the quit smoking activity has expanded the quantity of the individual looking for intercession from 0 to 83 (B. P. U. 2015). The activity wi ll help improve the lives of those influenced and henceforth improve their family ways of life. Proposition Details The proposition is a drawn out procedure that hopes to accomplish its present moment and long haul objectives inside its time allotment. The motivation behind the activity in any case, is to help improve the human services and prosperity of the residents of NZ and Bay of Plenty by guaranteeing that those distinguished as smokers are urged to stop smoking and treated or prompted as needs be. The information underneath thinks about Bay of Plenty (BOP) and New Zealand (NZ) notoriety paces of smoking in various age bunches according to the evaluation (2013). AGE BOP NZ 15-19 13.4% 10.4% 20-24 28.5% 21.4% 25-29 27.3% 19.3% 30-34 23.9% 19.3% 35-39 21.4% 17.8% 40-44 21.2% 18.1% 45-49 19.7% 17.0% 50-54 19.2% 17.0% 55-59 15.6% 14.5% 60-64 11.8% 11.7% 65-69 9.5% 9.8% 70-74 6.3% 7.0% 75-79 4.6% 4.9% 80-84 2.8% 3.5% 85+ 1.9% 2.2% This information plainly shows the pace of smoking in BOP contrasted with NZ, as per the above information, the pace of smoking in the Bay of Plenty is generally high contrasted with that of NZ. Tobacco Control Action Plan 2015-2018, is a broad activity for the Better Help for Smokers to Quit. This Action Plan is coordinated explicitly to the Maori and the Pacific who structures up the BOP due to their high pace of smoking which is a danger to their prosperity and wellbeing. It is distinguished that the high paces of smoking among the BOP has put them in danger of incessant infections, for instance, malignant growth among others. Smoking in BOP is spread the whole route since the beginning of 15 right to 85 years in addition to. Smoking-related sicknesses cost a ton to the administration (Lancaster, 2000). Better Help for Smoker to Quite is an activity that is set up to help lessen the costs that the administration spends on treating these infirmities. The activity incorporates giving the social insurance staff polls to help in distinguishing the smokers and figuring out how to assist them with lessening their smoking propensities and even quit. This framework helps in making a favorable domain for people and the clinical staff. The activity depends on inspiration and giving an answer for the objective gathering during their visit to the wellbeing cares. This is a free help offered to all the patients who visit the medicinal services and distinguish themselves as smokers. The human services and their whole staff are the significant drivers of the crusade to advance a free smoking condition in the NZ yet particularly inside the BOP (Tong et al, 2006). The activity has so far accomplished its essential objective, and its at present on the auxiliary objective which is on a week after week checking by the Ministry. The medical clinic has activated assets for the staff, maternity specialists, and patients to guarantee that the two of them accomplish the objectives of building up a free smoking society. As indicated by the information gave by the Ministry of Health, the quantity of patients getting counsel and treatment has expanded and this will build the quantity of people who quit the training. The activity will help guarantee that the training upon the ladies smokers is halted totally. End Smoking has prompted a high pace of mortality among the individuals of New Zealand and particularly those from BOP. The activity has emphatically helped a few people either to oversee or even quit smoking totally. In any case, as indicated by the Ministry of wellbeing, the activity is continuous and there are distinctive key plans and activities that are remembered for the activity to ensure that the activity accomplishes its course in decreasing the paces of smokers and empowering a domain that is a free smoking zone. This has likewise helped in diminishing the dangers of contracting constant ailments among the smokers which could prompt mortality among the youthful and the old. The legislature has been and still is idealistic about diminishing the paces of smoking by setting up all measures for instance sufficient assets to urge the activity to accomplish its course. References Acton, Q. A. (2012). Ceaseless periodontitis: New bits of knowledge for the human services professional.Atlanta: Scholarly Editions(2015). New Zealand venture and business control: Strategic and functional data. Spot of distribution not distinguished: Intl Business Pubns Usa. Fresh, J., Taylor, C., Douglas, C., Rebeiro, G. (2012). Potter Perry's Fundamentals of Nursing - AUS Version. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. Carr, A. (2004). The simple w

Military Story The Marines Father

Military Story The Marines Father A nurse took the tired, anxious serviceman to the bedside. Your son is here, she said to the old man. She had to repeat the words several times before the patients eyes opened.Heavily sedated because of the pain of his heart attack, he dimly saw the young uniformed Marine standing outside the oxygen tent. He reached out his hand. The Marine wrapped his toughened fingers around the old mans limp ones, squeezing a message of love and encouragement.The nurse brought a chair so that the Marine could sit beside the bed. All through the night the young Marine sat there in the poorly lighted ward, holding the old mans hand and offering him words of love and strength. Occasionally, the nurse suggested that the Marine move away and rest awhile. He refused. Whenever the nurse came into the ward, the Marine was oblivious of her and of the night noises of the hospital the clanking of the oxygen tank, the laughter of the night staff members exchanging greetings, the cries and moans of the other patients.Now and then she heard him say a few gentle words. The dying man said nothing, only held tightly to his son all through the night.Along towards dawn, the old man died. The Marine released the now lifeless hand he had been holding and went to tell the nurse. While she did what she had to do, he waited.Finally, she returned. She started to offer words of sympathy, but the Marine interrupted her.Who was that man? he asked.The nurse was startled, He was your father, she answered.No, he wasnt, the Marine replied. I never saw him before in my life.Then why didnt you say something when I took you to him?I knew right away there had been a mistake, but I also knew he needed his son, and his son just wasnt here. When I realized that he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son, knowing how much he needed me, I stayed.Author Unknown

Does God Exist Essay - 1145 Words

Proof Of The Exsistence of God Either God exists or He doesnt. There is no middle ground. Any attempt to remain neutral in relation to Gods existence is automatically synonymous with unbelief. The question for Gods existence is really important. Does God exist? Theology, cosmological, teleological and ontological arguments are all have ways to prove the existence of God. With all of these great arguments how can one deny that there is a God. There is a God and with these reasons I will prove that. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are two types of theology discussed in chapter nine of Kessler â€Å"Voices of Wisdom,† revealed and natural theology. Revealed theology comes from such sources as the Bible and according to St. Thomas Aquinas†¦show more content†¦Cosmological arguments were started at the time the questions of the universe were first asked. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The existence of motion to the existence of a first mover as the cause of movement, was argued by Aristotle. This first mover he called God. The reason for this was that nothing caused God to move yet God was responsible for the motion of all other things. Thisargument is based on presumptions in other cosmological arguments. The first was that something could not cause itself, second something cannot come from nothing, last there could not possibly be an infinite amount of cause and effects. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;St. Thomas’ view was of God is an infinite, all-good, all-knowing, all powerful, perfect being who created the universe and now has sole command over it. This view is known as theism. St. Thomas states that a first cause must be in order to have cause and effect now. For if we take away the first cause there would be no effect following there for the universe would have never been created which is impossible because we can prove the universe does exist. He also argues that there are things in the universe that have the possibility of existing and not existing, we have seen things that have existed and than destroyed, thus proving that there is the ability of being and not being. There was a time whenShow MoreRelatedDoes God Exist?1074 Words   |  5 PagesDoes God Exist ? 1. What role do arguments play in answering this question? I think arguments have played an important role in analyzing and understanding the depth of this question, for mankind. Although the question itself seems factual (either it does or it doesn t), yet no arguments have been able to answer this question conclusively, despite many debates going on for centuries. One possible reason for that inconclusiveness may lie in our intuition and the way, humans define God and existenceRead MoreDoes God Exist1417 Words   |  6 PagesDoes God exist? Does God exist? This seemingly simple question is in fact loaded with a myriad of twists and turns that scientists and theologians have debated for years without reaching an accepted conclusion. Part of the problem lies in the many definitions of God. Traditionally it is accepted that God is a supreme being, infallible, perfect, and existing outside of the material world of humanity. It is this definition that is generally used when debating Gods existence. There have been severalRead MoreDoes God Exist?1366 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween Jesus and his disciples before Jesus was betrayed by Judas Iscariot. The main philosophical question that arose to me when I saw this painting was if God exists. Depicted in the painting there is a higher being or God watching over Jesus and his disciples. There are many arguments and ideas for the existence of a higher being or God, some of the main ones are; Pascal’s Wager, the Ontological argument, the Cosmological argument, the Teleologic al argument, the Moral argument, and the argumentRead MoreDoes God Exist1483 Words   |  6 PagesDoes God Exist The question of God’s existence has lingered in the mind of man since the dawn of religion. The simple fact that billions of people consider themselves to have some allegiance to a deity means that this question deserves to be seriously considered. In this paper I will argue for the sake that God does exist and the reasons why. I will include many of the arguments found in our philosophy book and those covered in class as well as other subjects such as human suffering and the reasonsRead MoreDoes God Exist?668 Words   |  3 Pagesculture has its God. Christianity and Islam have their own god; the Romans and Greeks had their Pantheon. A lot of people believe in god have thought that there is more to life the material world around us. It seems arises naturally the world over by believing in god. Does God exist? I believe in God is exists by the philosophical argument: ontological argument, the first cause argument, the argument form design, and the moral argument. Arguments relate to the existence of God are in differentRead MoreDoes God Exist?563 Words   |  2 PagesDoes God exist? There is no evidence that any god exist, so I assume that there isn’t one. I do not believe in a heaven or a hell! Although, I wonder where did we come from? Where will we end up after death? Will we rot underneath the soil? There are over twenty different religions with answers; some similar, some different but overall, majority of them are bias. Bias, because none of them are proven. In today’s society, we humans have adapted through evolutions by using our surroundings such likeRead MoreDoes God Exist? The Existence Of God?1876 Words   |  8 PagesDoes God Exist? The existence of God is a question that has troubled and plagued mankind since it began to consider logic. Is there a God? How can we be sure that God exists? Can you prove to me that He is real? Does His existence, or lack thereof, make a significant difference? These loaded questions strike at the heart of human existence. But the real question is, can we answer any of them? These questions are answered in the arguments of St. Thomas Aquinas, Blaise Pascal and St. Anselm ofRead MoreDoes God Exist? Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesDoes God exist? The question of Gods existence is a perplexing one, the only evidence we have of God is what we are told from those who worship him, and unknowns can be debated logically if a higher being is in control. It has been written that in the beginning there was man and there was woman, and God put the two together to create a new race of beings. We are to assume then that God gave these beings a soul to distinguish them from other beings, for example, plants. The soul is often arguedRead MoreDoes God Really Exists? Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesDoes God Really Exists The idea of God has been one of the most debatable issues since the dawn of humanity and with it guided as well as deluded most lives in the pursuit for the truth. The impacts springing from the notion of God has from time memorial changed history, inspired more poetry and music including philosophy more than anything else, imagined or real. Peter Kreft once concluded that â€Å"The idea of God is either a fact, like sand, or a fantasy like Santa† (Lawhead, p. 334). Over the causeRead MoreDoes God Exist? Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagesmany rational arguments for and against the existence of God. It is based on the views of some of the great philosophers and scientists of our world. I will show that there is no sufficient proof or comprehensive arguments for the existence of God. Some people search for eternal peace through the beliefs in God; but this is an impossible belief because of the chances, the plausibility, and because of science. ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENTS God generally refers to one supreme, holy, personal being,. The

An Analysis Of Dr. Samuel Mudd - 1773 Words

Mud is a slimy sticky mixture of solid material with a liquid, the most common is soft wet earth. Mud is also known as an abusive and malicious remark or accusation; frequently in the political game, contestants will sling â€Å"mud† at each other to damage their opponent’s reputation and gain the favor of supporters. These political contestants may go as far to say â€Å"One’s name is mud†, which is used to express a strong dislike for a person implying their reputation is no better than the slimy sticky dirt one walks on. This phrase may have been coined from the story of Dr. Samuel Mudd, the physician that treated John Wilkes Booth’s broken leg after his assassination of President Lincoln, who was convicted of conspiracy and later pardoned after three year served. The events that befell Dr. Mudd are true but his name did not coin the term â€Å"one’s name is mud† even though it may be the perfect parable correlating to the expressi on. The truth behind the phase is that it originates from the Oxford English Dictionary which documented its meaning four decades before the assassination along with a book from Britain, A Dictionary of Turf by John Bee, using the connotation of this expression long before the assassination. This type of misconception is the pitfall of history. A historian must be ever mindful of where they gather the information that will form their opinions of past events. The story of Dr. Mudd is like another tale still shrouded in the mists of time. The story is one ofShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination Of Abe Lincoln2130 Words   |  9 PagesAn Analysis Over the Assassination of Abe Lincoln â€Å"Four score and seven years ago...† Abraham Lincoln was our 16th president and had his life taken after the North’s victory over the South; he lives on through these famous words of the Gettysburg Address. Abraham Lincoln was an important leader in the Civil War who helped free the slaves; his legacy lives on today. Although he was assassinated his words and actions are imprinted in our memory still today. This assassination was a major event inRead MoreHistorical Background And Point Of View1973 Words   |  8 Pagesworld are looking for wisdom from him. People are looking for a leader who will fight so, as Lincoln stated in his Gettysburg Address, â€Å"that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.† Rhetorical Style Analysis Title In modern society, people are always looking for excitement in entertainment. The newest James Bond movie will always outdo a documentary in the box office, and characters such as John Wilkes Booth and Abraham Lincoln fall to the side as aRead MoreAnalysis Of Bill O Reilly s Killing Lincoln Essay2636 Words   |  11 PagesBill O’Reilly’s and Martin Dugard’s book Killing Lincoln delves into the events leading up to the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln and the repercussions upon the people involved, as well as a detailed analysis of the ongoing war efforts and the affects one has upon the other. While unraveling the conspiracy and its members, the reader is given compelling evidence and speculative reasoning that leads the reader to believe that the plot to assassinate Lincoln involves additional people, and

Challenges of Scholarly Writing Free Essays

Writing is a means of expressing oneself through words and even a method of sharing information about different fields of study. Many have enjoyed and appreciated various forms literature that have transformed readers to another place or make them feel that they are someone else. The benefits of writing are endless. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges of Scholarly Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now More so, it has become an integral part of a person’s life and an inevitable component of the society. For without it, the world today would be bland and monotonous. Since we were toddlers we were trained to read and write so that in our adult years, we will be equipped with a tool that can advance our status in the society which can either be for personal or professional purposes. For me, writing has been an arduous but rewarding part of my life. At first, I was a little apprehensive about writing because it requires the writer to know a lot about sentence constructions, proper usage of punctuations and others. It seemed that writing was a tedious task that demanded time and effort in order to produce high-quality outputs. But after numerous writing exercises and trials, I was able to get used to with the rules and guidelines involved in writing. Because of this, I was able to be exposed to various forms of writing such as creative, technical and scholarly writing. Among the three, creative writing is the easiest and most enjoyable because it gives freedom to the writer to write about anything under the sun. It is like typing on the keyboard or scribbling on a piece paper everything that pops in your head. Meanwhile, technical writing demands technical knowledge about a certain subject which makes it harder than creative and scholarly writing. However, scholarly writing is a different story because it is arduous to write but the end results are beneficial and helpful particularly to the academe. During my days as a student, I was bombarded with a lot of scholarly papers which helped us to learn more about the courses that we took in college. There were days that ideas just came flowing in your mind that helped me finished my research or writing papers in a short amount of time. But there are also moments when you can not seem to extract any good thoughts from your brain even if you spend hours and hours researching, reading and brainstorming. This type of incident is famously known as writer’s block wherein the writer experiences a short-term inability to start or continue the writing process which is frequently caused by the lack of drive and creativity. Also, another writing obstacle is the generation of ideas or thoughts. The most difficult part of writing is the beginning and the conclusion phase. As a writer, I found it hard to organize and develop properly my views and perceptions about a certain subject matter. Even though there is a lot of information, sometimes it is difficult to synthesize all of them to make coherent and logical paragraphs. Aside from this, writers particularly students also go through many obstacles in scholarly writing such as poor structure of writing composition, incorrect usage of grammar and words, citations and plagiarism. When these factors remained unnoticed, the likelihood of generating a solid writing material would be impossible. The key to producing a well-structured scholarly paper is that the thesis statement must be direct and concise. Also, it should be supported by strong arguments at the body of the paper and followed by a conclusion that summarizes the main points and answers the thesis statement. More so, grammar and language used should be appropriate to the topic to make the paper credible and smooth-flowing. However, the most important factor to consider in writing is using proper citations to avoid plagiarism. In writing, it is inevitable to borrow ideas from other writers or previous studies. In order to avoid committing a professional misconduct, writers should cite all sources that they have used in their scholarly papers as a sign of acknowledgment that the incorporated information were taken from other publications. As an alternative, it would be better if writers tried to create their own ideas instead of copying other people’s work thus their skills in writing and critical thinking would be further developed. There is no shortcut in making excellent scholarly papers. Writers must learn the basics of writing before they can be able to yield productive outputs. Moreover, there is no alternate for sitting down and jotting down your ideas on paper so writers should make the best out of writing and try to be honest and responsible . How to cite Challenges of Scholarly Writing, Papers

Australian Taxation Duties Segeregated Businesses

Question: Describe about the Australian Taxation Duties for Segeregated Businesses. Answer: Introduction The given case study has been segregated into two parts. It is based on an individual named Fred residing in England who visits Australia for setting up his branch. It was observed that in his initial stages of his stay Fred resided in Australia for more than 11 months. It is also given that Fred stayed with his family for some period during his stay in Australia. It is further given that after a period of 11 months Fred decided to return to his native place due to ill health. The study shows on the rationale for his assessment of the tax on the grounds of Australian residential tax norms. The latter part of the report shows the laws and outcomes based on ordinary income. Case Study 1- Residence and Source As per the Australian taxation authority, Fred will be taxed as he has been residing in Australia for more than eleven years before he was observed to return from England. The earnings of him during the stay in France at the time of his employment at Australia will be also taken into consideration during the tax assessment. The various types of the complexities need to be taken into consideration is based on the individual personal circumstances. Bur it should be also noted that one cannot put much stress on the importance of the significance of the lucidity of the subject of the residency and the immigrants who are attaining the appropriate advice for a particular business venture and the undertaking of a contract. It has been also observed that Fred is primarily a resident of Australia as the per the concerns of the tax assessment. It has to be noted that Fred has spent exceeding a period of 183 days. Any migrant who has spent more than 183 days sporadically or consistently is liable to be charged as per the taxation norms. In general term Fred is also liable to hold a land on lease for the past 12 months and used to stay with his wife before he returned to England due to ill health. As per the guidelines given by the Australian taxation agency, an individual can be only exempted from tax if he/she satisfied due to the natural place of residence which is outside his native pace of origin and moreover he does not have any intentions for acquiring the residence. During the domicile test the different types of the tax ruling as per the Income Tax 2650 states that the a country in which a person or an individual is born, unless he/she migrates to some other region and then decided to adopt, the citizenship of his own choice. As per the given case Fred, is originally a British resident with intentions to set up the business in Australia. Although, it has be noted that the total tenure of his stay is sufficient and during his stay he also took a house on lease for a period of 12 months and resided at Australia for a duration of 11 months before he returned to England due to his liverish health. It has to be further noted Freds residential, status needs to be decided as per his stay at Australia and the residency test is used to provide the information of then fact of the liability is dependent on the circumstances of the stay. It has to be also understood that in case an individual returns to his place of origin then in that case the frequency, periods and the regularity of the trips needs to be taken into consideration for making the tax assessment. In case the only reason for the absence of an individual from Australia is due to business, then this facts is not enough for the purpose for the assessment for claiming of the inhabitance of an individual. Due to this reason Freds ties with his business and families based in Australia is enough to be considered for the purpose of taxation under the Income Tax Act. Case study 2 Ordinary Income I. Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 The case mentioned above states about then realization of the problems pertaining to the capital assets even if the earning from the sale of property can be exploited for mineral in form of the ordinary capital or income (Arthur 2016). Law: As stated in the rulings in assessing in determining the profits that are being extracted for the different types of the isolated income sources and these are assessable under 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Davison, Monotti and Wiseman 2016). The two types of the isolated transaction are shown below as follows: The entries, which are entered into the books of non-business taxpayers The entries which are outside the purview of the ordinary course of the business of a taxpayer including the ones carrying out eh commercial activities Outcome: The outcome of this clearly states that the taxpayer was assessable on the grounds of the profits, which were being sources from the sale of the land and then form of the profits, which are identified as income in nature. It has to be further understood that the taxpayer were actually seeking to earn profits from the sale of land. It needs to be understood that the taxpayer did not have the sufficient funds to mine the land (Bryan, Degeling, Donald and Vann 2016). As stated by the Lord of justice the owner of the ordinary investment decides to realize the investment made by the taxpayer when it attains a higher price and not just the profit. Hence as per Sense of Schedule D of the Income Tax Act of 1842 the income tax is assessable (Cohen-Kurzrock 2015). Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 The given case takes into consideration the business income and knowledge of subdivision for the sale of land, which may be further utilized for realizing the capital (Hart, Clark and Fazzani 2013). Law: Tax gains from capital: The various types of the capital gains and the loss can be made if the capital gains tax event may take place as per specified in the section 108-5(1) of the income tax assessment act 1997. This clearly states that gains from capital is termed as property or a legal equitable right is not considers as a property (Morse 2013). Outcomes: The decision taken by the management can be long considered for the passing of the proposition, which is related to the meager realization of the enterprise. As per the common law report the hearing took a long time of two days pass the hearing of the judgments which was made after six days of time. The outcomes clearly stated that then essential commercial exercise was being treated as a mere realization of the capital assets (Vermeulen 2015). FC of T v Whit fords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR The study is based on the fact whether a taxpayer was included in taxation on the basis of the profits for the sale of the subdivision of the land and this is considered under the section 25(1) or 26(a) or in case the tax payer was seen to be releasing the capital assets (Fuest et al. 2013). Law: As per the different type of the rulings of the law for the assessment of the proceeds generated as a result of Isolated transactions. These are treated as income or assessable under subsection 25 (1) of the Income Tax Act Assessment Act 1936 (Fleischer 2015). Outcomes: The verdicts stated by Wilson JJ, Mason, Gibbs CJ and Murohy the taxpayers were observed to be assessable for generating the sale of land under the sections under section 25 (1). The high court is observed that the profit surpassed the merely than the realizing the capital asset and the different type of the activities which are constituted for the purpose for the carrying out of the business activities (Campbell 2013). Although it was stated by Mason J and Gibbs to specify the second limb which operated under section 25(1), it does not consider the profits which are being yielded from the gross income. The outcome of this is related to the profit generation, which is computed in the basis of the subtraction from proceeds of the different type of the value of sale data (Ricketson Richardson and Davison 2012). Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 The aforementioned study is related to the questioning of the proceeds which are being received for the sale of the subdivided lots to constitute the assessable income which is given under then sections 25 (1) or 26 (a) (Burke 2016). Law: Taxable/Assessable Income: The various type of the income, which is assessable, from the sale of the subdivided land, which was originally, acquired leading to any sort of realization of the assets. Outcomes: The Federal court has been observed to rule out the net proceeds which are being generated from the sale of the subdivided land which did not take into account assessable income under section 25 (1) or 26 (a). As per Hartigan JJ and Woodward, Lockhart which is related to the understanding of the realization of an asset on the amount of profit which does not necessarily include the amount of the taxable profit. The mere amount of te realization does not convert the business undertakings however the scale of the realization must be considered for the nature of the undertakings (Schwieger and Chen 2013). Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 The aforementioned case is related to determining of profit from the subdivision and sale of parts of property which is assessable either under section 25 (1) or 25A (Samuel 2013). Law: The law is related to questioning of profits, which are generated from the carrying of the business or as a result of the realization of assets bearing capital. Outcomes: The court passed its verdict by concluding the action view which was acquired by the taxpayer with the objective primary production that no profit from sales is assessable in accordance with the first limb of Section 25A (1). Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 The case is related to questioning whether section section 25 (1) or 26 (a) is applicable to the tax payers assessable income and the amount receivable by the tax payer by deducting the relevant cost for deriving the profit from the selling off the land. Law: The law determines whether the profits generated from the isolated income are assessable under section 25(1) of the income tax Assessment Act 1936. Outcomes: As per the court ruling the amount received by the taxpayer was obtained as a form of then isolated payments. Moreover the profit was taken into consideration in terms of the ordinary concept of the compliance as per the decision passed by the in FC of T v The Emporium LTD 87 ATC 4363 and hence it is constituted as assessable income under section 25(1). As per the final verdict the court decided that then profit was assessable under second limbs of section 26 (a) as it was realized on the execution of the profit undertaking scheme. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 The case is based on the subsection 25 (1) or section 26 (a) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. This is applicable to the selling of the land near Hobart. Law: Taxable Income: The assemble income is based on the selling of the subdivided land initially acquired for farming on which proceed are derived from carrying out of the business activities (Bently and Sherman 2014). Outcomes: The outcome of the decision stated taxpayer had taken money heavily for purchasing of five large area of land and conducted the business activities in them. At a later stage the tax was assessable on the land which was taxable in nature. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 The case is related to the profit generation form the sale of the land assessable under section 25(1). Law: As per the law the taxpayers are assessed as per the section 25 (1) of the Income Tax Assessable Act 1936 on the profit from the sale of land. It states the basis of deriving profit from the scheme. Outcomes: The study shows that the brothers used the funds for taking credit for the bank for purchasing land where the house stood. The verdict given by hen court stated in the property is acquired during the course of the business with a profit-earning motive then it will not be regarded as an investment. It further stated that the profit generated is considered as an income under sec 25 (1). The rulings of the court further stated that the taxpayers entered into commercial dealings and they were not carrying any business activities. The profit assessable has to be derived for the transactions, which can be stated as commercial, dealings. Conclusion It can be concluded by stated that will be taxed as per the taxation rule on the Australia as the period his stay exceeded by 11 months. This due to the reason to Fred decided to stay in Australia for a period more than 183 days. It has been also observed Fred decided to hold a land on lease for a period exceeding 12 moths. As per the applied rulings discussed, the residential status of Fred has been determined based on residency test and the various considerations for tax liability shows the tax liability is based on the circumstances of stay. The latter part the report highlight s then different types of the case based on the ordinary income. Then discussion shows the several types of law, outcomes with the relevant examples from the court cases. Reference List Arthur, G., 2016. Tax files: Taxation duties of executors. Bulletin (Law Society of South Australia), 38(2), p.28. Bently, L. and Sherman, B., 2014. Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA. Bryan, M., Degeling, S., Donald, S. and Vann, V., 2016. A Sourcebook on Equity and Trusts in Australia. Cambridge University Press. Burke, K.C., 2016. Taxing Risky and Non-Risky Compensation: Section 707 (a)(2)(A). Journal of Taxation of Investments, 33(4). Campbell, D., 2013. International joint ventures. Juris Publishing, Inc.. Cohen-Kurzrock, B.A., 2015. What's It Worth to You-A Brief Evaluation of the 2016 Greenbook Consistency in Valuations for Transfer and Income Tax Proposal. HLRe: Off Rec., 6, p.99. Davison, M., Monotti, A. and Wiseman, L., 2016. Australian intellectual property law. Cambridge University Press. Fleischer, V., 2015. Two and Twenty Revisited: Taxing Carried Interest as Ordinary Income Through Executive Action Instead of Legislation. Available at SSRN 2661623. Fuest, C., Spengel, C., Finke, K., Heckemeyer, J. and Nusser, H., 2013. Profit shifting and'aggressive'tax planning by multinational firms: Issues and options for reform. ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper, (13-044). Hart, T., Clark, S. and Fazzani, L., 2013. Intellectual property law. Palgrave Macmillan. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013. Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Morse, S.C., 2013. Startup Ltd.: Tax Planning and Initial Incorporation Location. Fla. Tax Rev., 14, p.319. Ricketson, S., Richardson, M. and Davison, M., 2012. Intellectual property: cases, materials and commentary. LexisNexis Butterworths. Samuel, G., 2013. Law of Obligations Legal Remedies. Routledge. Schwieger, D. and Chen, S., 2013. Tax Consequences of Selling, Purchasing and Using State Income Tax Credits, The. J. Tax'n Fin. Products, 11, p.9. Vermeulen, A., 2015. The tax treatment of rehabilitation liabilities assumed by the purchaser as part of the consideration given on the sale of mining property in terms of Section 37 of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962.

Lymphoma Essays (648 words) - Lymphoma, Hodgkins Lymphoma

Lymphoma Lymphoma Controlling Purpose: In this paper you will be informed about the cause, symptoms, and treatment of lymphoma. You will also learn about the lymphatic system and how this cancer affects it. I. Lymphatic system A. Function of the system B. Parts of the system. C. How cancer affects the system II. Types of lymphoma A. Hodgkin's lymphoma B. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma III. Cause of lymphoma A. HIV B. Organ transplant IV. Treatment A. Radiation B. Chemotherapy C. Bone marrow transplant Lymphoma Lymphoma is cancer of the lymphatic system. Any group of cancers in which the cells of lymphoid tissues multiply unchecked. Clayman, 657. This is the system which manufactures and circulates lymph throughout the body. The purpose of the lymphatic system is to help the body fight infection. Lymph is a colorless fluid that contains white blood cells. This system also consists of the spleen, nodes and tonsils. The nodes are small organs found in the neck , under the arms, in the groin and abdomen. The nodes store infection fighting cells. Normally, cells grow, divide, and replace themselves in and orderly way. When lymphoma occurs, cells in the lymphatic system grow out of control. When this happens too much tissue is formed and a tumor is developed. The tumor is usually in the nodes found in the neck, this is one of the symptoms of lymphoma. Since lymph is circulated throughout the body, it spreads easily. Cancerous lymphocytes can be confined to a single lymph node or can be spread throughout the body to almost any organ. Berkow, 770. There are two basic types of lymphomas, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. There is little difference between the two types of cancers. The main difference is the ages it affects. Hodgkin's usually occurs in younger people while Non-Hodgkin's usually occurs in older people. Some forms of lymphoma are curable, but other forms are not. Hodgkin's lymphoma is more curable than non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Sometimes the cancer will go into remission for a few years then come back. The cure rate of some lymphomas is high, but the cure rate of others is low. For the most part the cause of lymphoma is unknown. In some cases an organ transplant may cause lymphoma because is suppresses the immune system. It is also thought that HIV may allow other viruses to cause lymphoma. In most cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the cause is unknown. Occasionally, the disease is associated with the suppression of the immune system. Clayman, 657. There are only a few types of treatment for lymphomas. The two main types of treatment are radiation and chemotherapy. An anticancer drug is also used to help fight the cancer. When the cancer is very serious a bone marrow transplant is sometimes used. Most patients who are treated survive five years longer than people who are affected by the cancer and are not treated. To diagnose lymphoma a portion of the lymph node is removed and examined for cancerous cells. More tests are run on the tissue to determine what type of lymphoma, grade, and stage the cancer is in. After this the doctor will decide which type of treatment will be best for the patient. The extent of the disease is assessed by a process called staging. Berkow, 773. Lymphoma can be classified into four basic stages. In the first stage there is only one cancer site. In the second stage there are two cancer sites, both are above or below the waist. In the third stage, there are cancer sites both above and below the waist. The bone marrow is not affected. In the fourth and worst stage, The cancer has spread outside of the lymphatic system. The bone marrow has also been infected. Bibliography Berkow, Robert, ed. The Merk Manual. Whitehouse Station, N.J.: Merk and Co., Inc., 1997. Clayman, Charles, B., ed. Home Medical Encyclopedia. New York: Reader's Digest Association. What is Lymphoma. Macintosh. Http://www.lymphoma.org Health and Beauty Essays

How Culture Shapes Psychology

How Culture Shapes Psychology Free Online Research Papers In this paper I will be exploring the place where language and culture meet psychology and politics. It is my thesis that language biases communication in ways that are both determined by and influence culture and that the combined influence of language and culture shape the practice of psychology. Ultimately this plays an important role in working to support the accepted values that dominate our society and to discourage or discredit those values and perspectives that are not dominant. I begin by adopting the notion of language and communication developed by Jurgen Habermas, the German philosopher. 1 According to Habermas knowledge is always collected for some specific purpose. There is really no such thing as a â€Å"neutral† science or social science. Data collection and analysis always has as its driving force a certain set of interests. Likewise language use always has a purpose. This purpose goes beyond the simple communication of concepts, ideas or intent. The very structure of language itself is created in such a way as to bias the outcome of the communication. Habermas calls this bias of knowledge and communication â€Å"knowledge constitutive interest.†2 According to Habermas, knowledge and information is always collected for some specific purpose or intent. This purpose or intent is determined by the values, world view or ideology of the person collecting the information. Even the scientist in the laboratory collects data and information from the perspective of a belief system dominated by a scientific and technological set of values that legitimates the scientific endeavor itself. This set of values has no â€Å"objective† basis, but is in reality only one perspective about the way the world is and operates. This bias characterizes all language and the acquisition of knowledge and results in â€Å"systematically distorted communication.†3 One example of this structural bias of language, though a simple one, is the word â€Å"communism.† If one says this word to the average American, the emotional as well as the intellectual response to the word is likely to be negative. This negative emotional reaction is not the result of a balanced, reasoned assessment of communism as an economic system. Rather, it is the result of a systematic program of biasing certain words and concepts in the language in order to pre-dispose or pre-determine the outcome of thought or discourse. We have seen repeated applications of this use of language in political discourse. Most recently Rudolph Giuliani attempted to disparage certain approaches to solving the health care crisis in the United States by referring to calls for â€Å"socialized medicine.† Another obvious example of distorted communication and one that permeates our entire society is advertising. Advertising language is a form of communication devoted entirely to and shaped by a specific interest, namely: the pursuit of profits. This use of language does not seek to engage the rational faculties or result in a balanced assessment of the claims put forth about the product. Rather, it is intended to manipulate the consumer through appeals to emotion, obscuring the facts and outright misrepresentation of the true intentions of the entity who has initiated the communication. The implications of systematically distorted communication are enormous and go far beyond commercial speech. Language is the only medium by which we individually or collectively relate to one another and engage the world. It is the medium through which we seek the â€Å"truth,† in so far as â€Å"truth† is knowable to us. If the very language we use is not â€Å"value neutral† then the search for â€Å"truth† whether on the part of the scientist in the laboratory or on the part of citizens engaged in public discourse and debate is seriously compromised. This has the potential, as Habbermas and others have observed, to call the entire democratic process into question.4 The pervasiveness of advertising language or â€Å"hucksterism† has in my view contributed much to the cynicism, alienation and disaffection we see in citizens toward a whole range of social, cultural and political institutions. Like any other field of knowledge or endeavor, psychology is not immune from the influence of systematically distorted communication. During its early period the field of psychology had radical implications for and stood in opposition to much social and political orthodoxy. Freud, Jung and others drew out the implications of their new discipline in ways that were quite challenging to religion, politics and societal norms. In The Future of an Illusion, for example, Freud employed the insights of psychology, arguing that a belief in God had its source in human psychological need and the needs of ego maintenance. God itself was an illusion kept â€Å"alive† due to human weakness at best, or neurosis or psychosis at worst.5 At its outset, the purpose of the psychotherapeutic process as designed to illuminate the sources of unhappiness in the individual. Not surprisingly, much of this source of unhappiness could be found in the social, religious, cultural and political world in which the individual existed, a world that was at fundamental odds with what people needed to live â€Å"authentic† and happy lives.6 Building on the early insights of psychology, a whole genre of work evolved that brought into question the wisdom and utility of the structures that western societies had put in place, and which increasingly looked, when taken as a whole as a â€Å"toxic culture.† Over the course of time religious and secular authority attacked psychology, and especially those aspects of it that were challenging to their authority or power. Herbert Marcuse has discussed this attack on psychology in his Eros and Civilization. 7 According to Marcuse the radical aspects of psychology were destroyed or undermined by the same forces employed in our society to undermine any challenges to its authority. The use language, distorted through the association of certain terms and phrases with negative emotions is the primary way this was done. But it was also accomplished through attacks by conservative and religious interests who tried to undermine the legitimacy of questioning the way things are in our society. 8 Ultimately, psychology was brought into line with the prevailing economic, social and political orthodoxy. Psychology no longer served as a foil to the economic, cultural, social and political sources of human unhappiness. The stress was no longer on questioning whether the environment was one conducive to healthy psychological development. Now psychology and the therapeutic process became concerned with reconciling the individual to the society and its values as they existed. This process today increasingly relies on the use of drugs and medication designed to mitigate feelings of depression and unhappiness, with the stress placed on the individual as the source of the problem.9 The solution to the problem of distorted language, a toxic culture and a psychology that has been made to serve the powerful interests that benefit from the current state of things is complicated. Apart from revolutionary change the best hope for reform lies in a series of steps that would limit the power of wealthy interests to shape our language. One approach would be to remove first amendment protections from commercial speech and imposing strict controls on advertising and what can be said in it. Another approach would be to once again make psychology the radical discipline it once was. A third approach might be to follow what Habermas has proposed in trying to create â€Å"ideal speech situations.† This entails creating conditions in which genuine human interests can be discussed outside of attempts to distort the process of communication itself. 1 Sources for this section are: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosohpy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/habermas. And Jurgen Habbermas, Knowledge and Human Interests, Beacon Press, Boston, 1968. 2Knowledge and Human Interests, page 191. 3 Thomas McCarthy: The Critical Theory of Jurgen Habermas. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1982. pg. 4 Noam Chomsky has made this point as well in his Necessary Illusions, 1988, South End Press, Boston and other works. 5 Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion, Double Day, Anchor Garden City, New York. 1957 pgs. 47-53 6 Ibid. 7 Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization, Beacon Press, 1955, 1966 8 Ibid. 9 I found materials for this section in the Radical Psychology Network. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Psychology_Network Research Papers on How Culture Shapes PsychologyAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenOpen Architechture a white paperQuebec and CanadaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Assay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assay - Essay Example He replied that the symptoms manifested the day before, and that he has not had any medications as yet. He appeared to be a very healthy man in his forties. The pharmacist later revealed to me that the patient was a regular at the pharmacy. The patient’s blood pressure and cholesterol levels were within normal range and he did not suffer any medical conditions. After the interview, I observed that the pharmacist advised him to take Dimetapp which is an over-the-counter, no-drowse, cough and cold remedy. The pharmacist also advised him to increase his water intake in order to facilitate his recovery from his colds. A review of various articles and researches on the effectiveness of non-antibiotic remedies for cough and colds revealed that the most promising remedies for cough and colds include â€Å"dextromethorphan, bisolvon, and guiaphenesin for cough, antihistamine- decongestant combinations for a wide range of symptoms, nasal decongestants (at least for the first dose) and possibly zinc lozenges† (Arroll, p. 1478). Dimetapp is an antihistamine-decongestant, hence highly recommended for colds and cough. Another patient came in to buy a sedative nasal decongestant. I observed the pharmacist interview where the pharmacist asked him if he was taking any other medication, and he said he was taking Exxefor. I reviewed my knowledge of Exxefor and was able to establish that Exxefor is an antidepressant classified as an SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor). It is a prescription drug for major depressive and anxiety disorders. This drug is also contraindicated for patients who are hypersensitive to Venlafaxine. I was further able to establish that the most common side-effects for Exxefor are the following: headache, nausea, insomnia, dry mouth, dizziness, and sweating. When taken with any sedative drug, the chances for the occurrence of these side-effects would increase. I then understood why the

Globalization and the state. discuss - marxist Essay

Globalization and the state. discuss - marxist - Essay Example Marxism is a case in point. It argues that the system is rife with exploitation, greed and is destined for an inevitable demise. The position is that nation-states are rendered helpless as globalization forces wrest control of the social, economic and political spheres. These issues highlight the conflicting views on the link between globalization and the state. Is there an accurate approach to explaining the phenomenon and its impact on nation states and the world? This paper proposes that the Marxist perspective can be effective in answering this issue. What is a state? For the purpose of this paper, it is helpful to establish the concept of the state. Max Weber defined it as â€Å"an agency of domination† which bounds civil society together (Abinales and Amoroso 2005, p6). The domination variable is important because it guarantees and holds together what Weber called the state’s main attributes: territory, monopoly and legitimacy (Stewart 2001, p103). This is one of the most comprehensive and widely cited definitions. In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels (2012, p3) also provided his own definition by explaining that the state is â€Å"a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.† Both of these definitions – as the rest of other conceptualizations – differ in elements, structure and they do vary according to politics. But there are commonalities such as territory and control and, interestingly, most of these elements are present in the modern world system under globalization. This factor along with the state’s response to internationalization underpins the relationship between state and globalization. Globalization and the Marxist View It is important to note that Marxism is fundamentally a critique of capitalism. It established how the economic organization of society defines and control the political and social system (Neack 2003, p21). Any society that adopts this system is said to b e characterized by stratified socio-economic classes. The Marxian analysis approaches globalization from this perspective. It maintains that globalization, as a capitalist system, is endlessly driven by the need to accumulate more. Here, the means of production and consumption is cultivated in such a pattern of expansion, where the market is pushed further from the local to the nation on to the international levels (Milward 2003, p23). In 1857, Karl Marx (1973, p524, p.539) published Grundrisse, wherein he predicted globalization by declaring: â€Å"capital by its nature drives beyond every spatial barrier,† in order to â€Å"conquer the whole earth for its market.† The Marxist theory accurately explained globalization as a phenomenon wherein the world comes together in order to create a system that is conducive to profit making and wealth accumulation. Marx has explained that capitalistic development cannot be confined within states. Ultimately, such development was e xpected to break free of its spatial constraints and this is supposedly underpinned by the nature of capital mobility. Marx and Engels (1973, p77) wrote: The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country†¦ [old industries] are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilized nations, by industries that no longer work up indigenous material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose

Ancient Greek Theatre | Lysistrata

Ancient Greek Theatre | Lysistrata Ancient Greek theatre has been a fascination to millions of people across the centuries. Theatre is one of the most important innovations of the Greek civilization. Ancient Greek theatre which began as a religious ceremony eventually became as expressed by Cohen a mixture of myth, legend, philosophy, social commentary, poetry, dance, music, public participation, and visual splendor (as cited in Phillips, 2000). The well known playwrights Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes and others have contributed largely in the teachings of nobleness, morality, courage, and patriotism throughout time. Many of the stories written Oedipus, Medea, Antigone etc. have endured the passage of time. Moreover, audiences contribution was crucial in ancient Greek theatre because poets success and recognition as good representatives of the Greek culture and civilization largely depended on the audiences negative/positive feedback. From the Antiquity, the role of Greek theatre has not altered. It wa s and still is used to be entertaining, frivolous, and instructional. Greek theaters were located in outdoor spaces which were known as amphitheaters. The amphitheater was purposely chosen by the Greeks to hold these venues not only because they preferred being outdoors but also because they used the construction methods available in their time period to create the most useful and efficient space possible to be used in producing the type of entertainment that was popular in their culture as stated by John Holloway (2010). Greek theatre consisted of four major components: the Orchestra which was the circular dancing floor where the chorus would sing, dance, and act together with the actors, Theatron which was the viewing place, Skene which was the tent or the decorated building behind the stage, and Parados which was the passageways used by the chorus, actors, and audience as entrances and exits to the amphitheater (as shown in figure 1). Figure 1 Greek Theatre Note. This figure is retreived from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/ search?q=cache:v9_sNzGD5hsJ:www.slideshare.net Nevertheless, ancient Greek theatre cannot be demonstrated without shedding the light on Athens. Athens was a Greek city-state identified for its political, military, and cultural power. Athens was considered the center of Greek culture and theatre. Greek theatre originally initiated with Athens festivals. Athens had four festivals for worshipping the god of fertility and wine Dionysus who was the son of the god Zeus and the mortal Semele. The Athenians celebrated their annual fertility four tribal festivals known as Festival of the Wine Jugs and Old Dionysia in March with a whole week of public wine drinking and phallus, penis worshipping religious orgy (Cohen,n.d.;Phillips, 2000). The religious rites for these festivals eventually took the shape of poetry that later developed to become plays. Greek plays and drama started as an entertaining event that developed to become a powerful medium of communicating ideas. Theatre played an important role in the ancient Greek civilization because it was reflecting the flaws and values of the Greek culture. It mainly focused on solving the human conflicts and problems of the day but with a supernatural element (god or goddess). The theatre that focused on exposing societys flaws benefited the audience who would learn from them. It should be noted here that the body language used in the Greek theatre played an important role in delivering the message to the spectators. As said by Heins-Uwe Haus (1995), We feel obliged to visualize the events of the play, if we want to grasp something of the spirit and the roots of the dramatic heritage of Sophocles. It was this fusion of the artistic and the political, the formal and the philosophical, that made this experience unique. Therefore, the people in Greece were on intimate relations with th e body where they used body language as a major part of the Greek drama. After scrutinizing the Greek drama, it becomes obvious that gods in Greek society were viewed in human terms. For instance, gods can have emotions of sadness, happiness, and emotions of love; they can hold grudges, and can fight with each other. The gods in Greek plays were, like humans, uncertain of their destiny. Additionally, humanity was strongly concerned in ancient Greek drama where humans were elevated from animals. Human harmony depended on the interaction between human and divine forces where peace would be endangered if disharmony existed (Tripod members, 2004). Figure 2. Theatre Masks Note. Retrieved from http://www.crystalinks.com/greektheater.html Greek plays consisted of two major types: tragedy and comedy. The two masks, in figure 2, symbolize both the comedy and tragedy aspects of the Greek Theatre. These two masks that represent duality were worn in ancient Greece during the golden age, around 500 300 BC. With respect to tragedy, it was expressed by Aristotle as: an imitation of an important and complete action, which has a specific length, written in an embellished language, with its separate parts set in order and not randomly, in active and not narrative form, tending through pity and fear to the catharsis of passions. The word tragedy was derived from the words Tragos meaning goat and ode meaning song. The reason behind this vague origin had to do with two possibilities: the first which was related to the choruses who were dressed in lion-skins of goats, and the second which was linked to the prize for best song that was a goat. Ancient Greek tragedy mainly depended on stories of myth or history but with varied interpretations of events. It mainly focused on psychological and ethical attributes of characters instead of physical and sociological ones. Tragedy was dominated by the works and innovations of three well-known playwrights: Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.) who was known for his tragic trilogy the Oresteia which enlarge the possibilities for dramatics through the com munication between two characters in his plays. Aeschylus made use of a third character; however, Sophocles (496-406 B.C.) was the one who actually began it. The latter was known for his trilogy Oedipus Rex where his plays decreased the job of the chorus in Greek drama in order to enhance the interaction between characters and the progress of the character itself. The third tragedian was Euripides (480-406 B.C.) who indicated the ultimate form of drama and employed a more naturalistic and human aspects in his plays. An example of tragedy can be the famous speech of Macbeth (Tripod members, 2004): Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Lifes but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more: It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. With respect to comedy, the word comedy was derived from Comoi which was the name of a god meaning amusement and entertainment. It was usually based on a happy idea that used exaggerated, ridiculous, and sensual pleasures; for instance, a peace with a power or sex strike to stop war. Comedy plays commented and criticized contemporary society, politics, literature and Peloponnesian War. Two playwrights were famous in this domain: Aristophanes (448-380 B.C.) and Menander (342-292 B.C.). Comedy was not as popular as tragedy at first. However, the popularity of Comedy was accompanied with the diminishing of the popularity of tragedy which highly represented the role of theatre. Therefore, tragedy was at its peak in Greek society when the society was at its height whereas comedy (a means for decreasing frustrations) was at its peak during the decline of Greek government. A good example of comedy can be a funny tale about a strong woman Lysistrata who led a female union to stop the war in Greece. This play, written by Aristophanes, can be a good demonstration of the role of women in ancient Greek time. Women, in this play, were revealed as deceiving, mischievous, strong, smart, cunning, and as being leaders. Lysistratas cunning was shown through her great plan of refusing sex by the wives to their husbands. She knew that by refusing sex, peace would be gained since men would not be able to resist this situation. Moreover, what revealed the cleverness of women was when they took over the Akropolis. Lysistrata was able to give a speech on how to run the government and was capable of changing the situations that she didnt like; she was a true clever leader. For instance, Lysistrata mentioned: If we sat around at home all made up, and walked past them wearing only our see-through underwear and with our pubes plucked in a neat triangle, and our husbands got hard and hankered to ball us, but we didnt go near them and kept away, theyd sue for peace, and pretty quick, you can count on that! (as cited in Gruber-Miller, 1987). Also, Lysistrata said: The older women are assigned that part: while were working out our agreement down here, theyll occupy the Akropolis, pretending to be up there for a sacrifice (as cited in Gruber-Miller, 1987). The Warriors in Lysistrata said (Tripod members, 2004): First Speaker: For through mans heart there runs in flood A natural and noble taste for blood Second Speaker: To form a ring and fight Third Speaker: To cut off heads at sight All in Unison: It is our right! Youth Come, listen now to the good old days when children, strange to tell, were seen not heard, led a simple life, in short were brought up well. Although women were not permitted to engage in ancient Greek plays or even to be with the audience, women made their own festivals in order to gather and discuss their issues with each other. Women played an important role in the Greek society; it was like what people nowadays in our society say behind a great man there is a woman. It was the same case where behind every hero there was a woman. Greek theatre spread its cultural influences to Egypt, the Middle East, Rome, and then the whole world. This indicates how much the Greek theatre has influenced our modern theater. Without ancient theater, the form of entertainment nowadays may not have existed. As indicated by Rebekah Martin (2006):Without the influences of Dionysus festivals and Greek drama, Shakespeare would have no foundation, and Andrew Lloyd Webber would be out of a job. Therefore, the roots of drama have affected everything from radio drama to modern cinema.

Death and Reality in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? by Joyce Carol Oates :: Where Are You Going Where Have You Been

Death and Reality in "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" by Joyce Carol Oates      Ã‚  Ã‚   Joyce Carol Oates' "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" is about a young girl's struggle to escape reality while defying authority and portraying herself as a beauty queen; ultimately, she is forced back to reality when confronted by a man who symbolizes her demise. The young girl, Connie, is hell- bent on not becoming like her mother or sister. She feels she is above them because she is prettier. She wants to live in a "dream world" where she listens to music all day and lives with Prince Charming. She does not encounter Prince Charming but is visited by someone, Arnold Friend, who embodies the soul of something evil. Arnold Friend symbolizes "Death" in that he is going to take Connie away from the world she once knew. Even if she is not dead, she will never be the same person again, and will be dead in spirit. With the incorporation of irony, Oates illustrates how Connie's self-infatuation, her sole reason for living, is the reason she is faced with such a terrible situation possibly ending her life. Connie is only concerned about her physical appearance. She can be described as being narcissistic because "she had a quick, nervous giggling habit of craning her neck to glance into mirror or checking other people's faces to make sure her own was all right" (Oates 148). Connie wants her life to be different from everyone else's in her family. She thinks because she is prettier, she is entitled to much more. She wants to live the "perfect life" in which she finds the right boy, marries him, and lives happily ever after. This expectation is nothing less than impossible because she has not experienced love or anything like it. She has only been subjected to a fantasy world where everything is seemingly perfect. This is illustrated in the story when Connie is thinking about her previous encounters with boys: "Connie sat with her eyes closed in the sun, dreaming and dazed with the warmth about her as if this were a kind of love, the caresses of love, and her mind slipped over onto thoughts of the boy she had been with the night before and how nice he had been, how gentle, the way it was in movies and promised in songs" (151).

Benefits and Risks of 3D/4D Ultrasound Essay

Non-invasive method of producing pictures of parts of the body by exposing them to high-frequency sound waves is known as ultrasound imaging or sonography or ultrasound scanning. The images obtained thus are captured real-time, thus showing the movement, structure and blood flow of the internal organs. The equipment used for this purpose is known as ultrasound scanner which consists of a console, a video display screen and a transducer. The console contains a computer and electronics. High frequency, inaudible sound waves are sent into the parts of the body through the transducer in small pulses. These waves bounce off the tissues producing a change in the pitch and direction of the sound. This change is again picked up by the transducer and then based on these echoed waves, the shape, size and consistency of the part of the body is deducted and a real-time image is created on the monitor (radiology info, n. d. ). Until recently only the conventional 2 dimensional images were being produced. However recent advances have led to the development of 3-dimentional and 4-dimentional images too. Such images are very popular in obstetric scanning and are being used to view the baby in the pregnant mother. The 3D/4D images allow physicians and mothers to look at the features of the baby and also watch the baby move and grow (Wood, 2008). 3D pictures are produced by storing the echoed waves digitally and shading the life-like images of the baby. Adding element of movement to 3D pictures produces 4D pictures. However, the clarity and activity of the images depends on the gestational age and the position of the fetus at the time of scanning (Wood, 2008). Benefits of 3D/4D ultrasound The most relieving benefit of the modern 3D/4D ultrasound is that there is no preparation needed prior to scanning. The conventional 2D ultrasound demanded full-bladder causing discomfort to the patient. Also, certain parts of the body like the arms, face, legs, toes and fingers are seen more clearly in the 3D/4D. Thus conditions like cleft palate are more easily detected in the modern ultrasound. Various movements of the fetus like smiling, crying, yawning, blinking, and moving fingers can be seen with 4D ultrasound. Another benefit with this type of scanning is that the type of display is multiplanar allowing visual cut through of structures and organs in any plane. Thus even the fetal brain and its cavities can be studied (Wood, 2008). Studies have reported that 3D ultrasounds were much superior in determining fetal weight more appropriately. Also, 3D ultrasounds require lesser views, are easier to use, are more efficient and produce much clearer image when compared to 2D scanning (Wiseman and Kiehl, 2007). Thus, 3D ultrasounds are able to analyze fetal abnormality in a better way. 3D ultrasound is superior to 2D in nuchal cord identification at term (Wiseman and Kiehl, 2007). 3D ultrasound can identify women who have chances of delivering early by measuring cervical length. 3D is also superior in gender identification, even in the first trimester (Wiseman and Kiehl, 2007). There is lot of potential to study neurological behavior of the fetus using 4D ultrasound (Wiseman and Kiehl, 2007). On the whole, 3D/4D ultrasound gives an opportunity to expectant mothers to know and familiarize their babies much before they are born, thus creating bondage between mother and baby. The technology also allows visual confirmation of pregnancy and reassurance of well-being of the fetus. Risks of 3D/4D ultrasound Although no obvious risks have been identified with 3D/4D scanning as is the case with 2D scanning, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine warns against the possibility of biological effects of scanning which may be identified in future (Wood, 2008). Even the American College of Radiology and The United States Food and Drug Administration warn against casual exposure to ultrasound especially during pregnancy. This warning comes in the light of shooting baby photos in malls using scanning machines. There are also concerns about possible thermal and mechanical damage to the fetus caused by sound waves which has led to the ALARA principle of exposure, meaning, the sonologists expose the fetus to ‘As Low As Reasonably Achievable’ doses of sound waves (Wiseman and Kiehl, 2007). Conclusion 3D/4D ultrasound scanning is a wonder technology which is gaining lot of importance in obstetric medicine. This method of scanning allows better visualization of the fetus and its parts, early and proper identification of anomalies and establishment of bond with the baby much before the baby is born. However, though there are no reports of side effects of these non-invasive procedures, researchers warn against the possibility of thermal and mechanical damage to the fetus, thus discouraging unnecessary exposure during pregnancy. Research is warranted to discover the side effects of these wonder technologies. References RadiologyInfo. Obstetrical Ultrasound. Retrieved on 21st Feb. , 2009 from http://www. radiologyinfo. org/en/info. cfm? PG=obstetricus Wiseman, C. S. , and Kiehl, E. M. (2007). Picture Perfect: Benefits and Risk of Fetal 3D Ultrasound. MCN, The American Journal of Maternal and Child Nursing, 32(2), 102- 109. Wood, D. (2008). New Dimensions in Prenatal Ultrasound: 3D and 4D. Retrieved on 21st Feb. , 2009 from http://www. swedish. org/17337. cfm

Percy Bysshe Shelley Essay - 675 Words

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) was a sad genius who tried to live a happy life. Fascinated with history, language and philosophy, wildly happy in the company of children, he became a serious student of religion as he sought to better our condition in this world. He mastered Latin and Greek, pondered the great philosophers, and, suddenly he was re-born - he became an amalgam of Lucretius, Pliny, Hume, Locke, dHolbach, Bacon, Voltaire, Spinoza, Franklin, Paine, and a host of other giants whose thoughts were melded into his flashing mind. Soon he was ready to take on the powers of his day. Shelley would use the press to publish his vision of humanity and how quot;power and priest-craftquot; had duped us. The Church had been getting†¦show more content†¦One protected the clergy; the other shielded the politicians. He attacked them both with a printing press. It would be hard to say whether Shelley wrote more sedition than blasphemy or visa-versa. At 18 he was expelled from the University of Oxford for publishing The Necessity of Atheism, which opened with quot;There is no God.quot; He posted a copy to quot;every Bishop in the Kingdomquot; and placarded the chapel with atheistic signs. Shortly after his departure from Oxford, the Lord Chief Justice of Great Britain, Lord Ellenborough, sentenced an aged publisher to prison and gave him a bankrupting fine, for printing Tomas Paines The Age of Reason. Shelley published an open letter to the eminent and ignorant jurist, pleading for the right to think, to investigate, and to publish. He explained that truth is only found when there is an opportunity for open discussion. quot;That which is false will ultimately be controverted by its own falsehood. That which is true needs but publicity to be acknowledged.quot; He informed the Lord Chief Justice that if religion would admit free discussion, quot;†¦the Mohammedan, the Jew, the Christian, the Deist, and the Atheist, will live together in one community, equally sharing the benefits which arise from its association, and united in the bonds of brotherly love.quot; That didnt happen but a debate would arise in England concerning the rights ofShow MoreRelatedPercy Bysshe Shelley Essay1456 Words   |  6 Pagesthe 19th century was Percy Bysshe Shelley. He was born August 4th 1792 to Sir Timothy and Elizabeth Pilford Shelley in Field Place, Horsham, Sussex, England. (Crook) Shelley was the oldest of six children. He had one brother, John and four sisters, Mary, Elizabeth, Hellen, and Margaret. His family lived a very comfortable lifestyle, especially his dad’s father, Bysshe Shelley whom owned quite a few estates. Shelley’s father was also a member of parliament. â€Å"The young Shelley was educated at SyonRead MoreThe Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesPercy Bysshe Shelley began life in Horsham, Sussex, England as the oldest child out of seven children. Shelley faced much hardship throughout his life for his controversial views and philosophies. Percys life however got better after he married Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, his second wife, as they were intellectually equal and both wrote. Percy was born August 4th, 1792 in a small village of Broadbridge Heath, there he learned to fish and hunt in the meadows with his good friend and Cousin ThomasRead MoreAnalysis Of Mutability By Percy Bysshe Shelley Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pages(Greenblatt 752-753) is a poem written by the Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1816. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word ‘Mutability’ as: Liability or tendency to change. (OED Online) ‘Mutability’ was most probably written in order to portray Shelley’s own views that humans do not have control over changes which occur in their own lives. However, it asserts Shelley’s belief that, â€Å"Nought may endure but Mutability.† Shelley demonstrates this idea by using various literary devices, dictionRead More Irony in Ozymandias by Percy Bysshe Shelley Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesOzymandias, the Greek name for Ramses II, is a sonnet written by Percy Bysshe Shelley. In the poem, Shelley uses irony as a form of satire, mocking tyranny. The poem was published, according to Ian Lancashire (University of Toronto) near January of 1818. At that time, for Europeans, places like Egypt were considered exotic and that adds to the popularity of the sonnet at the time. Shelley wrote this poem in a competition with Horace Smith who also wrote a similar poem, with the same overall themesRead MoreAnalysis Of Ozymandias By Percy Bysshe Shelley1165 Words   |  5 PagesOzymandias is a sonnet in iambic pentameter that was written by English romantic poet, Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1817. To read this poem and understand the complexities of it, one must analyze it through the lens of I.A. Richards’ concept of â€Å"new criticism,† which is now understood as close reading. In this essay, we will compare some of the aspects of criticism that Richards finds counterproductive and meaningless, such as irrelevant associations and sentimentality to his profound concept of new criticismRead MoreThe Sensitive Plant By Percy Bysshe Shelley2087 Words   |  9 Pageswritten by Percy Bysshe Shelley; it is neither his best nor his most famous, but it is an interesting poem, nonetheless. The poem is one of Shelley’s longer ones wherein he contended with an ever-changing world, as well as the difficulty of locating meaning in a universe governed by deterioration and chaos. In this poem, Shelley takes the position that in a seemingly violent and godless world, there is some form of redemption and salvation. It attempts to find value in this world and Shelley locatedRead MoreA Dirge and A Bridal Song by Percy Bysshe Shelley760 Words   |  3 PagesPercy Bysshe Shelley is known as the greatest poet of the second generation of romantics. He wrote great poems in his career like â€Å"A Bridal Song† and â€Å"A Dirge†. These two poems he is most famous for writing. He influenced the romanticism era dramatically thro ugh his writing and poetry like the two poems listed above and even though critics had something to say about it he was always ready to face the criticism. My author is Percy Bysshe Shelley â€Å"He was born in Suxxex England† and â€Å"he attended theRead MorePercy Bysshe Shelley A Tragic Flaw Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesThere once was a revolutionary English Romantic poet by the name of Percy Bysshe Shelley, and considered by many critics as one of the greatest lyrical, influential, and liberal poets of his era. Shelley always stood up for what he believed in and would fight tooth and nail for what he wants. His life was always full of risks and was very adventurous, this is what made him an interesting person and it is what made his works so intriguing. Despite his popularity, Shelley’s riskiness was also hisRead MoreEssay on Percy Bysshe Shelley Defends Poetry1608 Words   |  7 PagesPercy Bysshe Shelley Defends Poetry â€Å"While Mrs. Bush understands the right of all Americans to express their political views, this event was designed to celebrate poetry.† – Office of the First Lady, in regards to the cancellation of a poetry symposium. (Benson) In â€Å"A Defence of Poetry,† Percy Bysshe Shelley puts forth the claim that poets are the â€Å"unacknowledged legislators of the world† (810). Although Mrs. Bush might disagree, Shelley argues convincingly in favor of such a positionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem England By Percy Bysshe Shelley1122 Words   |  5 Pages In â€Å"England in 1819† by Percy Bysshe Shelley, he utilizes allusions, diction, symbolism, and metaphors to show disdain for King George the Third. These literary devices are important to the poem as a whole to convey the hatred Shelley had because it allows the reader to see where this disdain derives from. Shelley uses allusions to indirectly call something familiar to mind. First and foremost, he calls out â€Å"an old, mad, blind, despised, and dying King† (Shelley 790). Though he doesn’t mention