An Analysis Of Dr. Samuel Mudd - 1773 Words

Mud is a slimy sticky mixture of solid material with a liquid, the most common is soft wet earth. Mud is also known as an abusive and malicious remark or accusation; frequently in the political game, contestants will sling â€Å"mud† at each other to damage their opponent’s reputation and gain the favor of supporters. These political contestants may go as far to say â€Å"One’s name is mud†, which is used to express a strong dislike for a person implying their reputation is no better than the slimy sticky dirt one walks on. This phrase may have been coined from the story of Dr. Samuel Mudd, the physician that treated John Wilkes Booth’s broken leg after his assassination of President Lincoln, who was convicted of conspiracy and later pardoned after three year served. The events that befell Dr. Mudd are true but his name did not coin the term â€Å"one’s name is mud† even though it may be the perfect parable correlating to the expressi on. The truth behind the phase is that it originates from the Oxford English Dictionary which documented its meaning four decades before the assassination along with a book from Britain, A Dictionary of Turf by John Bee, using the connotation of this expression long before the assassination. This type of misconception is the pitfall of history. A historian must be ever mindful of where they gather the information that will form their opinions of past events. The story of Dr. Mudd is like another tale still shrouded in the mists of time. The story is one ofShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination Of Abe Lincoln2130 Words   |  9 PagesAn Analysis Over the Assassination of Abe Lincoln â€Å"Four score and seven years ago...† Abraham Lincoln was our 16th president and had his life taken after the North’s victory over the South; he lives on through these famous words of the Gettysburg Address. Abraham Lincoln was an important leader in the Civil War who helped free the slaves; his legacy lives on today. Although he was assassinated his words and actions are imprinted in our memory still today. This assassination was a major event inRead MoreHistorical Background And Point Of View1973 Words   |  8 Pagesworld are looking for wisdom from him. People are looking for a leader who will fight so, as Lincoln stated in his Gettysburg Address, â€Å"that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.† Rhetorical Style Analysis Title In modern society, people are always looking for excitement in entertainment. The newest James Bond movie will always outdo a documentary in the box office, and characters such as John Wilkes Booth and Abraham Lincoln fall to the side as aRead MoreAnalysis Of Bill O Reilly s Killing Lincoln Essay2636 Words   |  11 PagesBill O’Reilly’s and Martin Dugard’s book Killing Lincoln delves into the events leading up to the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln and the repercussions upon the people involved, as well as a detailed analysis of the ongoing war efforts and the affects one has upon the other. While unraveling the conspiracy and its members, the reader is given compelling evidence and speculative reasoning that leads the reader to believe that the plot to assassinate Lincoln involves additional people, and

Challenges of Scholarly Writing Free Essays

Writing is a means of expressing oneself through words and even a method of sharing information about different fields of study. Many have enjoyed and appreciated various forms literature that have transformed readers to another place or make them feel that they are someone else. The benefits of writing are endless. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges of Scholarly Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now More so, it has become an integral part of a person’s life and an inevitable component of the society. For without it, the world today would be bland and monotonous. Since we were toddlers we were trained to read and write so that in our adult years, we will be equipped with a tool that can advance our status in the society which can either be for personal or professional purposes. For me, writing has been an arduous but rewarding part of my life. At first, I was a little apprehensive about writing because it requires the writer to know a lot about sentence constructions, proper usage of punctuations and others. It seemed that writing was a tedious task that demanded time and effort in order to produce high-quality outputs. But after numerous writing exercises and trials, I was able to get used to with the rules and guidelines involved in writing. Because of this, I was able to be exposed to various forms of writing such as creative, technical and scholarly writing. Among the three, creative writing is the easiest and most enjoyable because it gives freedom to the writer to write about anything under the sun. It is like typing on the keyboard or scribbling on a piece paper everything that pops in your head. Meanwhile, technical writing demands technical knowledge about a certain subject which makes it harder than creative and scholarly writing. However, scholarly writing is a different story because it is arduous to write but the end results are beneficial and helpful particularly to the academe. During my days as a student, I was bombarded with a lot of scholarly papers which helped us to learn more about the courses that we took in college. There were days that ideas just came flowing in your mind that helped me finished my research or writing papers in a short amount of time. But there are also moments when you can not seem to extract any good thoughts from your brain even if you spend hours and hours researching, reading and brainstorming. This type of incident is famously known as writer’s block wherein the writer experiences a short-term inability to start or continue the writing process which is frequently caused by the lack of drive and creativity. Also, another writing obstacle is the generation of ideas or thoughts. The most difficult part of writing is the beginning and the conclusion phase. As a writer, I found it hard to organize and develop properly my views and perceptions about a certain subject matter. Even though there is a lot of information, sometimes it is difficult to synthesize all of them to make coherent and logical paragraphs. Aside from this, writers particularly students also go through many obstacles in scholarly writing such as poor structure of writing composition, incorrect usage of grammar and words, citations and plagiarism. When these factors remained unnoticed, the likelihood of generating a solid writing material would be impossible. The key to producing a well-structured scholarly paper is that the thesis statement must be direct and concise. Also, it should be supported by strong arguments at the body of the paper and followed by a conclusion that summarizes the main points and answers the thesis statement. More so, grammar and language used should be appropriate to the topic to make the paper credible and smooth-flowing. However, the most important factor to consider in writing is using proper citations to avoid plagiarism. In writing, it is inevitable to borrow ideas from other writers or previous studies. In order to avoid committing a professional misconduct, writers should cite all sources that they have used in their scholarly papers as a sign of acknowledgment that the incorporated information were taken from other publications. As an alternative, it would be better if writers tried to create their own ideas instead of copying other people’s work thus their skills in writing and critical thinking would be further developed. There is no shortcut in making excellent scholarly papers. Writers must learn the basics of writing before they can be able to yield productive outputs. Moreover, there is no alternate for sitting down and jotting down your ideas on paper so writers should make the best out of writing and try to be honest and responsible . How to cite Challenges of Scholarly Writing, Papers

Australian Taxation Duties Segeregated Businesses

Question: Describe about the Australian Taxation Duties for Segeregated Businesses. Answer: Introduction The given case study has been segregated into two parts. It is based on an individual named Fred residing in England who visits Australia for setting up his branch. It was observed that in his initial stages of his stay Fred resided in Australia for more than 11 months. It is also given that Fred stayed with his family for some period during his stay in Australia. It is further given that after a period of 11 months Fred decided to return to his native place due to ill health. The study shows on the rationale for his assessment of the tax on the grounds of Australian residential tax norms. The latter part of the report shows the laws and outcomes based on ordinary income. Case Study 1- Residence and Source As per the Australian taxation authority, Fred will be taxed as he has been residing in Australia for more than eleven years before he was observed to return from England. The earnings of him during the stay in France at the time of his employment at Australia will be also taken into consideration during the tax assessment. The various types of the complexities need to be taken into consideration is based on the individual personal circumstances. Bur it should be also noted that one cannot put much stress on the importance of the significance of the lucidity of the subject of the residency and the immigrants who are attaining the appropriate advice for a particular business venture and the undertaking of a contract. It has been also observed that Fred is primarily a resident of Australia as the per the concerns of the tax assessment. It has to be noted that Fred has spent exceeding a period of 183 days. Any migrant who has spent more than 183 days sporadically or consistently is liable to be charged as per the taxation norms. In general term Fred is also liable to hold a land on lease for the past 12 months and used to stay with his wife before he returned to England due to ill health. As per the guidelines given by the Australian taxation agency, an individual can be only exempted from tax if he/she satisfied due to the natural place of residence which is outside his native pace of origin and moreover he does not have any intentions for acquiring the residence. During the domicile test the different types of the tax ruling as per the Income Tax 2650 states that the a country in which a person or an individual is born, unless he/she migrates to some other region and then decided to adopt, the citizenship of his own choice. As per the given case Fred, is originally a British resident with intentions to set up the business in Australia. Although, it has be noted that the total tenure of his stay is sufficient and during his stay he also took a house on lease for a period of 12 months and resided at Australia for a duration of 11 months before he returned to England due to his liverish health. It has to be further noted Freds residential, status needs to be decided as per his stay at Australia and the residency test is used to provide the information of then fact of the liability is dependent on the circumstances of the stay. It has to be also understood that in case an individual returns to his place of origin then in that case the frequency, periods and the regularity of the trips needs to be taken into consideration for making the tax assessment. In case the only reason for the absence of an individual from Australia is due to business, then this facts is not enough for the purpose for the assessment for claiming of the inhabitance of an individual. Due to this reason Freds ties with his business and families based in Australia is enough to be considered for the purpose of taxation under the Income Tax Act. Case study 2 Ordinary Income I. Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 The case mentioned above states about then realization of the problems pertaining to the capital assets even if the earning from the sale of property can be exploited for mineral in form of the ordinary capital or income (Arthur 2016). Law: As stated in the rulings in assessing in determining the profits that are being extracted for the different types of the isolated income sources and these are assessable under 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Davison, Monotti and Wiseman 2016). The two types of the isolated transaction are shown below as follows: The entries, which are entered into the books of non-business taxpayers The entries which are outside the purview of the ordinary course of the business of a taxpayer including the ones carrying out eh commercial activities Outcome: The outcome of this clearly states that the taxpayer was assessable on the grounds of the profits, which were being sources from the sale of the land and then form of the profits, which are identified as income in nature. It has to be further understood that the taxpayer were actually seeking to earn profits from the sale of land. It needs to be understood that the taxpayer did not have the sufficient funds to mine the land (Bryan, Degeling, Donald and Vann 2016). As stated by the Lord of justice the owner of the ordinary investment decides to realize the investment made by the taxpayer when it attains a higher price and not just the profit. Hence as per Sense of Schedule D of the Income Tax Act of 1842 the income tax is assessable (Cohen-Kurzrock 2015). Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 The given case takes into consideration the business income and knowledge of subdivision for the sale of land, which may be further utilized for realizing the capital (Hart, Clark and Fazzani 2013). Law: Tax gains from capital: The various types of the capital gains and the loss can be made if the capital gains tax event may take place as per specified in the section 108-5(1) of the income tax assessment act 1997. This clearly states that gains from capital is termed as property or a legal equitable right is not considers as a property (Morse 2013). Outcomes: The decision taken by the management can be long considered for the passing of the proposition, which is related to the meager realization of the enterprise. As per the common law report the hearing took a long time of two days pass the hearing of the judgments which was made after six days of time. The outcomes clearly stated that then essential commercial exercise was being treated as a mere realization of the capital assets (Vermeulen 2015). FC of T v Whit fords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR The study is based on the fact whether a taxpayer was included in taxation on the basis of the profits for the sale of the subdivision of the land and this is considered under the section 25(1) or 26(a) or in case the tax payer was seen to be releasing the capital assets (Fuest et al. 2013). Law: As per the different type of the rulings of the law for the assessment of the proceeds generated as a result of Isolated transactions. These are treated as income or assessable under subsection 25 (1) of the Income Tax Act Assessment Act 1936 (Fleischer 2015). Outcomes: The verdicts stated by Wilson JJ, Mason, Gibbs CJ and Murohy the taxpayers were observed to be assessable for generating the sale of land under the sections under section 25 (1). The high court is observed that the profit surpassed the merely than the realizing the capital asset and the different type of the activities which are constituted for the purpose for the carrying out of the business activities (Campbell 2013). Although it was stated by Mason J and Gibbs to specify the second limb which operated under section 25(1), it does not consider the profits which are being yielded from the gross income. The outcome of this is related to the profit generation, which is computed in the basis of the subtraction from proceeds of the different type of the value of sale data (Ricketson Richardson and Davison 2012). Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 The aforementioned study is related to the questioning of the proceeds which are being received for the sale of the subdivided lots to constitute the assessable income which is given under then sections 25 (1) or 26 (a) (Burke 2016). Law: Taxable/Assessable Income: The various type of the income, which is assessable, from the sale of the subdivided land, which was originally, acquired leading to any sort of realization of the assets. Outcomes: The Federal court has been observed to rule out the net proceeds which are being generated from the sale of the subdivided land which did not take into account assessable income under section 25 (1) or 26 (a). As per Hartigan JJ and Woodward, Lockhart which is related to the understanding of the realization of an asset on the amount of profit which does not necessarily include the amount of the taxable profit. The mere amount of te realization does not convert the business undertakings however the scale of the realization must be considered for the nature of the undertakings (Schwieger and Chen 2013). Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 The aforementioned case is related to determining of profit from the subdivision and sale of parts of property which is assessable either under section 25 (1) or 25A (Samuel 2013). Law: The law is related to questioning of profits, which are generated from the carrying of the business or as a result of the realization of assets bearing capital. Outcomes: The court passed its verdict by concluding the action view which was acquired by the taxpayer with the objective primary production that no profit from sales is assessable in accordance with the first limb of Section 25A (1). Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 The case is related to questioning whether section section 25 (1) or 26 (a) is applicable to the tax payers assessable income and the amount receivable by the tax payer by deducting the relevant cost for deriving the profit from the selling off the land. Law: The law determines whether the profits generated from the isolated income are assessable under section 25(1) of the income tax Assessment Act 1936. Outcomes: As per the court ruling the amount received by the taxpayer was obtained as a form of then isolated payments. Moreover the profit was taken into consideration in terms of the ordinary concept of the compliance as per the decision passed by the in FC of T v The Emporium LTD 87 ATC 4363 and hence it is constituted as assessable income under section 25(1). As per the final verdict the court decided that then profit was assessable under second limbs of section 26 (a) as it was realized on the execution of the profit undertaking scheme. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 The case is based on the subsection 25 (1) or section 26 (a) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. This is applicable to the selling of the land near Hobart. Law: Taxable Income: The assemble income is based on the selling of the subdivided land initially acquired for farming on which proceed are derived from carrying out of the business activities (Bently and Sherman 2014). Outcomes: The outcome of the decision stated taxpayer had taken money heavily for purchasing of five large area of land and conducted the business activities in them. At a later stage the tax was assessable on the land which was taxable in nature. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 The case is related to the profit generation form the sale of the land assessable under section 25(1). Law: As per the law the taxpayers are assessed as per the section 25 (1) of the Income Tax Assessable Act 1936 on the profit from the sale of land. It states the basis of deriving profit from the scheme. Outcomes: The study shows that the brothers used the funds for taking credit for the bank for purchasing land where the house stood. The verdict given by hen court stated in the property is acquired during the course of the business with a profit-earning motive then it will not be regarded as an investment. It further stated that the profit generated is considered as an income under sec 25 (1). The rulings of the court further stated that the taxpayers entered into commercial dealings and they were not carrying any business activities. The profit assessable has to be derived for the transactions, which can be stated as commercial, dealings. Conclusion It can be concluded by stated that will be taxed as per the taxation rule on the Australia as the period his stay exceeded by 11 months. This due to the reason to Fred decided to stay in Australia for a period more than 183 days. It has been also observed Fred decided to hold a land on lease for a period exceeding 12 moths. As per the applied rulings discussed, the residential status of Fred has been determined based on residency test and the various considerations for tax liability shows the tax liability is based on the circumstances of stay. The latter part the report highlight s then different types of the case based on the ordinary income. Then discussion shows the several types of law, outcomes with the relevant examples from the court cases. Reference List Arthur, G., 2016. Tax files: Taxation duties of executors. Bulletin (Law Society of South Australia), 38(2), p.28. Bently, L. and Sherman, B., 2014. Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA. Bryan, M., Degeling, S., Donald, S. and Vann, V., 2016. A Sourcebook on Equity and Trusts in Australia. Cambridge University Press. Burke, K.C., 2016. Taxing Risky and Non-Risky Compensation: Section 707 (a)(2)(A). Journal of Taxation of Investments, 33(4). Campbell, D., 2013. International joint ventures. Juris Publishing, Inc.. Cohen-Kurzrock, B.A., 2015. What's It Worth to You-A Brief Evaluation of the 2016 Greenbook Consistency in Valuations for Transfer and Income Tax Proposal. HLRe: Off Rec., 6, p.99. Davison, M., Monotti, A. and Wiseman, L., 2016. Australian intellectual property law. Cambridge University Press. Fleischer, V., 2015. Two and Twenty Revisited: Taxing Carried Interest as Ordinary Income Through Executive Action Instead of Legislation. Available at SSRN 2661623. Fuest, C., Spengel, C., Finke, K., Heckemeyer, J. and Nusser, H., 2013. Profit shifting and'aggressive'tax planning by multinational firms: Issues and options for reform. ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper, (13-044). Hart, T., Clark, S. and Fazzani, L., 2013. Intellectual property law. Palgrave Macmillan. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013. Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Morse, S.C., 2013. Startup Ltd.: Tax Planning and Initial Incorporation Location. Fla. Tax Rev., 14, p.319. Ricketson, S., Richardson, M. and Davison, M., 2012. Intellectual property: cases, materials and commentary. LexisNexis Butterworths. Samuel, G., 2013. Law of Obligations Legal Remedies. Routledge. Schwieger, D. and Chen, S., 2013. Tax Consequences of Selling, Purchasing and Using State Income Tax Credits, The. J. Tax'n Fin. Products, 11, p.9. Vermeulen, A., 2015. The tax treatment of rehabilitation liabilities assumed by the purchaser as part of the consideration given on the sale of mining property in terms of Section 37 of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962.

Lymphoma Essays (648 words) - Lymphoma, Hodgkins Lymphoma

Lymphoma Lymphoma Controlling Purpose: In this paper you will be informed about the cause, symptoms, and treatment of lymphoma. You will also learn about the lymphatic system and how this cancer affects it. I. Lymphatic system A. Function of the system B. Parts of the system. C. How cancer affects the system II. Types of lymphoma A. Hodgkin's lymphoma B. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma III. Cause of lymphoma A. HIV B. Organ transplant IV. Treatment A. Radiation B. Chemotherapy C. Bone marrow transplant Lymphoma Lymphoma is cancer of the lymphatic system. Any group of cancers in which the cells of lymphoid tissues multiply unchecked. Clayman, 657. This is the system which manufactures and circulates lymph throughout the body. The purpose of the lymphatic system is to help the body fight infection. Lymph is a colorless fluid that contains white blood cells. This system also consists of the spleen, nodes and tonsils. The nodes are small organs found in the neck , under the arms, in the groin and abdomen. The nodes store infection fighting cells. Normally, cells grow, divide, and replace themselves in and orderly way. When lymphoma occurs, cells in the lymphatic system grow out of control. When this happens too much tissue is formed and a tumor is developed. The tumor is usually in the nodes found in the neck, this is one of the symptoms of lymphoma. Since lymph is circulated throughout the body, it spreads easily. Cancerous lymphocytes can be confined to a single lymph node or can be spread throughout the body to almost any organ. Berkow, 770. There are two basic types of lymphomas, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. There is little difference between the two types of cancers. The main difference is the ages it affects. Hodgkin's usually occurs in younger people while Non-Hodgkin's usually occurs in older people. Some forms of lymphoma are curable, but other forms are not. Hodgkin's lymphoma is more curable than non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Sometimes the cancer will go into remission for a few years then come back. The cure rate of some lymphomas is high, but the cure rate of others is low. For the most part the cause of lymphoma is unknown. In some cases an organ transplant may cause lymphoma because is suppresses the immune system. It is also thought that HIV may allow other viruses to cause lymphoma. In most cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the cause is unknown. Occasionally, the disease is associated with the suppression of the immune system. Clayman, 657. There are only a few types of treatment for lymphomas. The two main types of treatment are radiation and chemotherapy. An anticancer drug is also used to help fight the cancer. When the cancer is very serious a bone marrow transplant is sometimes used. Most patients who are treated survive five years longer than people who are affected by the cancer and are not treated. To diagnose lymphoma a portion of the lymph node is removed and examined for cancerous cells. More tests are run on the tissue to determine what type of lymphoma, grade, and stage the cancer is in. After this the doctor will decide which type of treatment will be best for the patient. The extent of the disease is assessed by a process called staging. Berkow, 773. Lymphoma can be classified into four basic stages. In the first stage there is only one cancer site. In the second stage there are two cancer sites, both are above or below the waist. In the third stage, there are cancer sites both above and below the waist. The bone marrow is not affected. In the fourth and worst stage, The cancer has spread outside of the lymphatic system. The bone marrow has also been infected. Bibliography Berkow, Robert, ed. The Merk Manual. Whitehouse Station, N.J.: Merk and Co., Inc., 1997. Clayman, Charles, B., ed. Home Medical Encyclopedia. New York: Reader's Digest Association. What is Lymphoma. Macintosh. Http://www.lymphoma.org Health and Beauty Essays

How Culture Shapes Psychology

How Culture Shapes Psychology Free Online Research Papers In this paper I will be exploring the place where language and culture meet psychology and politics. It is my thesis that language biases communication in ways that are both determined by and influence culture and that the combined influence of language and culture shape the practice of psychology. Ultimately this plays an important role in working to support the accepted values that dominate our society and to discourage or discredit those values and perspectives that are not dominant. I begin by adopting the notion of language and communication developed by Jurgen Habermas, the German philosopher. 1 According to Habermas knowledge is always collected for some specific purpose. There is really no such thing as a â€Å"neutral† science or social science. Data collection and analysis always has as its driving force a certain set of interests. Likewise language use always has a purpose. This purpose goes beyond the simple communication of concepts, ideas or intent. The very structure of language itself is created in such a way as to bias the outcome of the communication. Habermas calls this bias of knowledge and communication â€Å"knowledge constitutive interest.†2 According to Habermas, knowledge and information is always collected for some specific purpose or intent. This purpose or intent is determined by the values, world view or ideology of the person collecting the information. Even the scientist in the laboratory collects data and information from the perspective of a belief system dominated by a scientific and technological set of values that legitimates the scientific endeavor itself. This set of values has no â€Å"objective† basis, but is in reality only one perspective about the way the world is and operates. This bias characterizes all language and the acquisition of knowledge and results in â€Å"systematically distorted communication.†3 One example of this structural bias of language, though a simple one, is the word â€Å"communism.† If one says this word to the average American, the emotional as well as the intellectual response to the word is likely to be negative. This negative emotional reaction is not the result of a balanced, reasoned assessment of communism as an economic system. Rather, it is the result of a systematic program of biasing certain words and concepts in the language in order to pre-dispose or pre-determine the outcome of thought or discourse. We have seen repeated applications of this use of language in political discourse. Most recently Rudolph Giuliani attempted to disparage certain approaches to solving the health care crisis in the United States by referring to calls for â€Å"socialized medicine.† Another obvious example of distorted communication and one that permeates our entire society is advertising. Advertising language is a form of communication devoted entirely to and shaped by a specific interest, namely: the pursuit of profits. This use of language does not seek to engage the rational faculties or result in a balanced assessment of the claims put forth about the product. Rather, it is intended to manipulate the consumer through appeals to emotion, obscuring the facts and outright misrepresentation of the true intentions of the entity who has initiated the communication. The implications of systematically distorted communication are enormous and go far beyond commercial speech. Language is the only medium by which we individually or collectively relate to one another and engage the world. It is the medium through which we seek the â€Å"truth,† in so far as â€Å"truth† is knowable to us. If the very language we use is not â€Å"value neutral† then the search for â€Å"truth† whether on the part of the scientist in the laboratory or on the part of citizens engaged in public discourse and debate is seriously compromised. This has the potential, as Habbermas and others have observed, to call the entire democratic process into question.4 The pervasiveness of advertising language or â€Å"hucksterism† has in my view contributed much to the cynicism, alienation and disaffection we see in citizens toward a whole range of social, cultural and political institutions. Like any other field of knowledge or endeavor, psychology is not immune from the influence of systematically distorted communication. During its early period the field of psychology had radical implications for and stood in opposition to much social and political orthodoxy. Freud, Jung and others drew out the implications of their new discipline in ways that were quite challenging to religion, politics and societal norms. In The Future of an Illusion, for example, Freud employed the insights of psychology, arguing that a belief in God had its source in human psychological need and the needs of ego maintenance. God itself was an illusion kept â€Å"alive† due to human weakness at best, or neurosis or psychosis at worst.5 At its outset, the purpose of the psychotherapeutic process as designed to illuminate the sources of unhappiness in the individual. Not surprisingly, much of this source of unhappiness could be found in the social, religious, cultural and political world in which the individual existed, a world that was at fundamental odds with what people needed to live â€Å"authentic† and happy lives.6 Building on the early insights of psychology, a whole genre of work evolved that brought into question the wisdom and utility of the structures that western societies had put in place, and which increasingly looked, when taken as a whole as a â€Å"toxic culture.† Over the course of time religious and secular authority attacked psychology, and especially those aspects of it that were challenging to their authority or power. Herbert Marcuse has discussed this attack on psychology in his Eros and Civilization. 7 According to Marcuse the radical aspects of psychology were destroyed or undermined by the same forces employed in our society to undermine any challenges to its authority. The use language, distorted through the association of certain terms and phrases with negative emotions is the primary way this was done. But it was also accomplished through attacks by conservative and religious interests who tried to undermine the legitimacy of questioning the way things are in our society. 8 Ultimately, psychology was brought into line with the prevailing economic, social and political orthodoxy. Psychology no longer served as a foil to the economic, cultural, social and political sources of human unhappiness. The stress was no longer on questioning whether the environment was one conducive to healthy psychological development. Now psychology and the therapeutic process became concerned with reconciling the individual to the society and its values as they existed. This process today increasingly relies on the use of drugs and medication designed to mitigate feelings of depression and unhappiness, with the stress placed on the individual as the source of the problem.9 The solution to the problem of distorted language, a toxic culture and a psychology that has been made to serve the powerful interests that benefit from the current state of things is complicated. Apart from revolutionary change the best hope for reform lies in a series of steps that would limit the power of wealthy interests to shape our language. One approach would be to remove first amendment protections from commercial speech and imposing strict controls on advertising and what can be said in it. Another approach would be to once again make psychology the radical discipline it once was. A third approach might be to follow what Habermas has proposed in trying to create â€Å"ideal speech situations.† This entails creating conditions in which genuine human interests can be discussed outside of attempts to distort the process of communication itself. 1 Sources for this section are: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosohpy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/habermas. And Jurgen Habbermas, Knowledge and Human Interests, Beacon Press, Boston, 1968. 2Knowledge and Human Interests, page 191. 3 Thomas McCarthy: The Critical Theory of Jurgen Habermas. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1982. pg. 4 Noam Chomsky has made this point as well in his Necessary Illusions, 1988, South End Press, Boston and other works. 5 Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion, Double Day, Anchor Garden City, New York. 1957 pgs. 47-53 6 Ibid. 7 Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization, Beacon Press, 1955, 1966 8 Ibid. 9 I found materials for this section in the Radical Psychology Network. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Psychology_Network Research Papers on How Culture Shapes PsychologyAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenOpen Architechture a white paperQuebec and CanadaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Assay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assay - Essay Example He replied that the symptoms manifested the day before, and that he has not had any medications as yet. He appeared to be a very healthy man in his forties. The pharmacist later revealed to me that the patient was a regular at the pharmacy. The patient’s blood pressure and cholesterol levels were within normal range and he did not suffer any medical conditions. After the interview, I observed that the pharmacist advised him to take Dimetapp which is an over-the-counter, no-drowse, cough and cold remedy. The pharmacist also advised him to increase his water intake in order to facilitate his recovery from his colds. A review of various articles and researches on the effectiveness of non-antibiotic remedies for cough and colds revealed that the most promising remedies for cough and colds include â€Å"dextromethorphan, bisolvon, and guiaphenesin for cough, antihistamine- decongestant combinations for a wide range of symptoms, nasal decongestants (at least for the first dose) and possibly zinc lozenges† (Arroll, p. 1478). Dimetapp is an antihistamine-decongestant, hence highly recommended for colds and cough. Another patient came in to buy a sedative nasal decongestant. I observed the pharmacist interview where the pharmacist asked him if he was taking any other medication, and he said he was taking Exxefor. I reviewed my knowledge of Exxefor and was able to establish that Exxefor is an antidepressant classified as an SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor). It is a prescription drug for major depressive and anxiety disorders. This drug is also contraindicated for patients who are hypersensitive to Venlafaxine. I was further able to establish that the most common side-effects for Exxefor are the following: headache, nausea, insomnia, dry mouth, dizziness, and sweating. When taken with any sedative drug, the chances for the occurrence of these side-effects would increase. I then understood why the

Globalization and the state. discuss - marxist Essay

Globalization and the state. discuss - marxist - Essay Example Marxism is a case in point. It argues that the system is rife with exploitation, greed and is destined for an inevitable demise. The position is that nation-states are rendered helpless as globalization forces wrest control of the social, economic and political spheres. These issues highlight the conflicting views on the link between globalization and the state. Is there an accurate approach to explaining the phenomenon and its impact on nation states and the world? This paper proposes that the Marxist perspective can be effective in answering this issue. What is a state? For the purpose of this paper, it is helpful to establish the concept of the state. Max Weber defined it as â€Å"an agency of domination† which bounds civil society together (Abinales and Amoroso 2005, p6). The domination variable is important because it guarantees and holds together what Weber called the state’s main attributes: territory, monopoly and legitimacy (Stewart 2001, p103). This is one of the most comprehensive and widely cited definitions. In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels (2012, p3) also provided his own definition by explaining that the state is â€Å"a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.† Both of these definitions – as the rest of other conceptualizations – differ in elements, structure and they do vary according to politics. But there are commonalities such as territory and control and, interestingly, most of these elements are present in the modern world system under globalization. This factor along with the state’s response to internationalization underpins the relationship between state and globalization. Globalization and the Marxist View It is important to note that Marxism is fundamentally a critique of capitalism. It established how the economic organization of society defines and control the political and social system (Neack 2003, p21). Any society that adopts this system is said to b e characterized by stratified socio-economic classes. The Marxian analysis approaches globalization from this perspective. It maintains that globalization, as a capitalist system, is endlessly driven by the need to accumulate more. Here, the means of production and consumption is cultivated in such a pattern of expansion, where the market is pushed further from the local to the nation on to the international levels (Milward 2003, p23). In 1857, Karl Marx (1973, p524, p.539) published Grundrisse, wherein he predicted globalization by declaring: â€Å"capital by its nature drives beyond every spatial barrier,† in order to â€Å"conquer the whole earth for its market.† The Marxist theory accurately explained globalization as a phenomenon wherein the world comes together in order to create a system that is conducive to profit making and wealth accumulation. Marx has explained that capitalistic development cannot be confined within states. Ultimately, such development was e xpected to break free of its spatial constraints and this is supposedly underpinned by the nature of capital mobility. Marx and Engels (1973, p77) wrote: The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country†¦ [old industries] are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilized nations, by industries that no longer work up indigenous material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose